clyde

C 語言新手十誡(The Ten Commandments for Newbie C Programmers)

clyde — Tue, 09 Dec 2008 11:06:30 +0800

本篇從 ptt c_and_cpp 轉錄過來的

請注意：

(1) 本篇旨在提醒新手，避免初學常犯的錯誤（其實老手也常犯:-Q)。
    但不能取代完整的學習，請自己好好研讀一兩本 C 語言的好書，
    並多多實作練習。

(2) 強烈建議新手先看過此文再發問，你的問題極可能此文已經提出並
    解答了。

(3) 以下所舉的錯誤例子如果在你的電腦上印出和正確例子相同的結果，
    那只是不足為恃的一時僥倖。

(4) 不守十誡者，輕則執行結果的輸出數據錯誤，或是程式當掉，重則
    引爆核彈、毀滅地球（如果你的 C 程式是用來控制核彈發射器的話）。

一、你不可以使用尚未給予適當初值的變數。

    錯誤例子：
    int accumulate(int max)    /* 從 1 累加到 max，傳回結果 */
    {
        int sum;    /* 未給予初值的區域變數，其內容值是垃圾 */
        int num;
        for (num = 1; num <= max; num++) {
            sum += num;
        }
        return sum;
    }

    正確例子：
    int accumulate(int max)
    {
        int sum = 0;    /* 正確的賦予適當的初值 */
        int num;
        for (num = 1; num <= max; num++) {
            sum += num;
        }
        return sum;
    }

二、你不可以存取超過陣列既定範圍的空間。

    錯誤例子：
    int str[5];
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) str[i] = i;

    正確例子：
    int str[5];
    int i;
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) str[i] = i;

    說明：宣告陣列時，所給的陣列元素個數值如果是 N, 那麼我們在後面
    透過 [索引值] 存取其元素時，所能使用的索引值範圍是從 0 到 N-1,
    也就是 C 和 C++ 的陣列元素是從第 0 個開始算起，最後一個元素的
    索引值是 N-1, 不是 N。

    C/C++ 為了執行效率，並不會自動檢查陣列索引值是否超過陣列邊界，
    我們要自己寫程式來確保不會越界。一旦越界，將導致無法預期的後果。

三、你不可以提取(dereference)不知指向何方的指標（包含 null 指標）。

    錯誤例子：
    char *pc1;      /* 未給予初值，不知指向何方 */
    char *pc2 = 0; /* pc2 起始化為 null pointer */
    *pc1 = 'a';     /* 將 'a' 寫到不知何方，錯誤 */
    *pc2 = 'b';     /* 將 'b' 寫到「位址0」，錯誤 */

    正確例子：
    char c;          /* c 的內容尚未起始化 */
    char *pc1 = &c; /* pc1 指向字元變數 c */

    /* 動態分配 10 個 char(其值未定),並將第一個char的位址賦值給 pc2 */
    char *pc2 = (char *)malloc(10);
    *pc1 = 'a';      /* c 的內容變為 'a' */
    pc2[0] = 'b';    /* 動態配置來的第 0 個字元，內容變為 'b'
    /* 最後記得 free() 掉 malloc() 所分配的空間 */
    free(pc2);

    說明：指標變數必需先指向某個明確的東西(object)，才能進行操作。

四、你不可以將字串常數賦值(assign)給 char* 變數，然後透過該變數
    改寫字串的內容（只能讀不能寫）。

    錯誤例子：
    char* pc = "john";
    *pc = 'J';
    printf("Hello, %s\n", pc);

    正確例子：
    char pc[] = "john";
    *pc = 'J'; /* 或 pc[0] = 'J'; */
    printf("Hello, %s\n", pc);

    說明：字串常數的內容是唯讀的。上面的錯誤例子，是將其內容所在的位址賦
    值給字元指標 pc, 我們透過指標只可以去讀該字串常數的內容，而不應該做
    寫入的動作。而正確例子，則是另外宣告一個獨立的字元陣列，它的大小我們
    未明文指定（[]），編譯器會自動將其設為剛好可以容納後面的字串常數起始
    值的大小，包括字串後面隱含的 '' 字元，並將字串常數的內容複製到字元
    陣列中，因此可以自由的對該字元陣列的內容進行讀和寫。

    錯誤例子(2)：
    char *s1 = "Hello, ";
    char *s2 = "world!";
    /* strcat() 不會另行配置空間，只會將資料附加到 s1 所指唯讀字串的後面，
       造成寫入到程式無權碰觸的記憶體空間 */
    char *s3 = strcat(s1, s2);

    正確例子(2)：
    /* s1 宣告成陣列，並保留足夠空間存放後續要附加的內容 */
    char s1[20] = "Hello, ";
    char *s2 = "world!";
    /* 因為 strcat() 的返回值等於第一個參數值，所以 s3 就不需要了 */
    strcat(s1, s2);

五、你不可以對尚未分配所指空間的 char* 變數，進行(字串)陣列的相關操作。
    其他型別的指標亦然。

    錯誤例子：
    char *name;   /* name 尚未指向有效的空間 */
    printf("Your name, please: ");
    gets(name);
    printf("Hello, %s\n", name);

    正確例子(1)：
    /* 如果編譯期就能決定字串的最大空間，那就不要宣告成 char* 改用 char[] */
    char name[21]; /* 字串最長 20 個字元，另加一個 '' */
    printf("Your name, please: ");
    gets(name);
    printf("Hello, %s\n", name);

    正確例子(2)：
    /* 若是在執行時期才能決定字串的最大空間，則需利用 malloc() 函式來動態
       分配空間 */

    size_t length;
    char *name;
    printf("請輸入字串的最大長度(含null字元): ");
    scanf("%u", &length);
    name = (char *)malloc(length);
    printf("Your name, please: ");
    scanf("%s", name);
    printf("Hello, %s\n", name);
    /* 最後記得 free() 掉 malloc() 所分配的空間 */
    free(name);

    注意：上例用 gets() 或 scanf() 來讀入字串，是不安全的。因為這些函式
    不會幫我們檢查使用者所輸入的字串長度是否超過我們所分配的 buffer 空間，
    很可能會發生 buffer overflow。比較安全的做法是用 fgets() 來取代。如：

    char *p;
    char name[21];
    printf("Your name, please: ");
    fgets(name, sizeof(name), stdin);
    /* fgets()會連行末的'\n'也讀進字串中，所以要找出存入'\n'的位置，填入 ''
    if ((p = strchr(name, '\n')) != NULL)
        *p = '';
    printf("Hello, %s\n", name);

六、你不可以在函式中回傳一個指向區域性自動變數的指標。否則，會得到垃圾值。
    [感謝 gocpp 網友提供程式例子]

    錯誤例子：
    char *getstr(char *name)
    {
        char buf[30] = "hello, "; /*將字串常數"hello, "的內容複製到buf陣列*/
        strcat(buf, name);
        return buf;
    }

    說明：區域性自動變數，將會在離開該區域時(本例中就是從getstr函式返回時)
    被消滅，因此呼叫端得到的指標所指的字串內容就失效了。【不過，倒是可以從
    函式中直接傳回字串常數，賦值給呼叫端的一個 const char * 變數，它既是唯
    讀的（參見第四誡），同時也具有恒常的儲存期(static storage duration),其
    內容將一直有效。】

    正確例子：
    void getstr(char buf[], int buflen, char const *name)
    {
        char const s[] = "hello, ";
        assert(strlen(s) + strlen(name) < buflen);

        strcpy(buf, s);
        strcat(buf, name);
    }

    [針對字串操作，C++提供了更方便安全的 string class, 能用就盡量用]
    #include <string>
    using std::string;

    string getstr(string const &name)
    {
        return string("hello, ") += name;
    }

七、你不可以只做 malloc(), 而不做相應的 free(). 否則會造成記憶體漏失。

    但若不是用 malloc() 所得到的記憶體，則不可以 free()。已經 free()了
    所指記憶體的指標，在它指向另一塊有效的動態分配得來的空間之前，不可
    以再被 free()，也不可以提取(dereference)這個指標。

    [C++] 你不可以只做 new, 而不做相應的 delete.

八、你不可以在數值運算、賦值或比較中隨意混用不同型別的數值，而不謹慎考
    慮數值型別轉換可能帶來的「意外驚喜」（錯愕）。必須隨時注意數值運算
    的結果，其範圍是否會超出變數的型別。

    錯誤例子(1)：
    unsigned int sum = 2000000000 + 2000000000; /* 20 億 */
    double f = 10 / 3;

    正確例子(1)：
    /* 全部都用 unsigned int, 注意數字後面的 u, 大寫 U 也成 */
    unsigned int sum = 2000000000u + 2000000000u;

    /* 或是用顯式的轉型 */
    unsigned int sum = (unsigned int)2000000000 + 2000000000;

    double f = 10.0 / 3.0;

    說明：在目前最普遍的32位元PC作業平台上，整數常數2000000000的型別為
    signed int(簡寫為 int)，相加後，其結果仍為 int, 但是 signed int
    放不下 4000000000, 造成算術溢位(arithmetic overflow)，很可能無法
    將正確的值指派給 unsigned int sum，縱使 unsigned int 放得下4000000000
    的數值。注意：寫成

    unsigned int sum = (unsigned int)(2000000000 + 2000000000);

    也是不對的。

    例子(2)：（感謝 sekya 網友提供）
    unsigned char a = 0x80;
    char b = 0x80;           /* implementation-defined result */
    if( a == 0x80 ) {        /* 恒真 */
        printf( "a ok\n" );
    if( b == 0x80 ) {        /* 不一定恒真 */
        printf( "b ok\n" );
    }

    說明：在將 char 型別定義為範圍從 -128 至 +127 的系統上，int 0x80
    （其值等於 +128）要轉成 char 會放不下，會產生編譯器自行定義的值。
    這樣的程式就不具可移植性了。

九、你不可以在一個運算式(expression)中，對一個基本型態的變數修改其值
    超過一次以上。否則，將導致未定義的行為(undefined behavior)。

    錯誤例子：
    int i = 7;
    int j = ++i + i++;

    正確例子：
    int i = 7;
    int j = ++i;
    j += i++;

    你也不可以在一個運算式(expression)中，對一個基本型態的變數修改其值，
    而且還在同一個式子的其他地方為了其他目的而存取該變數的值。（其他目的，
    是指不是為了計算這個變數的新值的目的）。否則，將導致未定義的行為。

    錯誤例子：
    int arr[5];
    int i = 0;
    arr[i] = i++;

    正確例子：
    int arr[5];
    int i = 0;
    arr[i] = i;
    i++;

    [C++程式]
    錯誤例子：
    int i = 10;
    cout << i << "==" << i++;

    正確例子：
    int i = 10;
    cout << i << "==";
    cout << i++;

十、你不可以在macro的定義中，不為它的參數個別加上括號。

    錯誤例子：
    #include <stdio.h>
    #define SQUARE(x)    (x * x)
    int main()
    {
        printf("%d\n", SQUARE(10-5));
        return 0;
    }

    正確例子：
    #include <stdio.h>
    #define SQUARE(x)    ((x) * (x))
    int main()
    {
        printf("%d\n", SQUARE(10-5));
        return 0;
    }

    說明：如果是用 C++, 請多多利用 inline function 來取代上述的 macro,
    以免除 macro 定義的種種危險性。如：

    inline int square(int x) { return x * x; }

    macro 定義出的「偽函式」至少缺乏下列數項函式本有的能力：

    (1) 無法進行參數型別的檢查。
    (2) 無法遞迴呼叫。
    (3) 無法用 & 加在 macro name 之前，取得函式位址。
    (4) 呼叫時往往不能使用具有 side effect 的引數。例如：

    錯誤例子：（感謝 yaca 網友提供）
    #define MACRO(x)     (((x) * (x)) - ((x) * (x)))
    int main()
    {
        int x = 3;
        printf("%d\n", MACRO(++x));
        return 0;
    }

    MACRO(++x) 展開來後變成 (((++x) * (++x)) - ((++x) * (++x)))
    違反了第九誡。在 gcc 4.3.3 下的結果是 -24, 在 vc++ 下是 0.

後記：從「古時候」流傳下來一篇文章

      "The Ten Commandments for C Programmers"(Annotated Edition)
      by Henry Spencer
      http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/ten-commandments.html

      一方面它不是針對 C 的初學者，一方面它特意模仿中古英文
      聖經的用語，寫得文謅謅。所以我現在另外寫了這篇，希望
      能涵蓋最重要的觀念以及初學甚至老手最易犯的錯誤。

英文學習-1

clyde — Fri, 18 Jul 2008 18:50:57 +0800

1
店員：下一位。想點些什麼？

Clerk：Can I help the next in line, please.

學生甲：一號套餐和健怡可樂。我可以用洋蔥圈來代替薯條嗎？

Student A：Combo number one and a Diet Coke. Can I have the onion

rings instead of the fries?

店員：兩項間有七十五分的價差，可以嗎？

Clerk：There will be a seventy-five cents difference in between. Will that be OK?

學生甲：沒問題。我的漢堡要多放些洋蔥。

Student A：Sure. And I want extra onion in my burger.

店員：一份一號餐多放洋蔥，健怡可樂和洋蔥圈。三塊四毛錢。

Clerk：One Combo 1 with extra onion, a Diet Coke and onion rings. That will be three-forty.

2

學生甲：對不起，我漢堡中的肉餅吃起來有些不對。我能換一個嗎？

Student A：Excuse me. There is something wrong with the meat patty in my burger. Can I have it replaced?

店員：怎麼了？

Clerk：What’s wrong?

學生甲：它嘗起來有點生；我喜歡全熟的。

Student A：It tasted kind of raw; I like my burger well-done.

店員：我不知道能不能換；讓我找負責人來。

Clerk：I don’t know about it; let me get you the person in charge.

經理：有什麼問題嗎？

Manager：What seems to be the problem?

3

經理：我保證食物沒有任何問題。為了讓您安心，我們會為您換一份。在等的同時，您喝杯免費的飲料。

Manager：I assure you that there is nothing wrong with out food. But, just on the safe side, we’ll exchange one for you. At the mean time, here is a complimentary drink for you while you’re waiting.

學生甲：那倒沒必要，但我在趕時間，你能快點嗎？

Student A：That won’t be necessary. But I am in a rush, can you hurry up?

經理：馬上就好。抱歉給您添麻煩。

Manager：It only takes a minute. Sorry for all these inconvenience.

學生甲：我真是大開眼界；我沒想到在速食店裡也能有一流的服務！

Student A：I am really impressed! I didn’t expect the first-class service in a fast food store!

經理：我們一向相信顧客至上！

Manager：Well, “The customer is always right” is our motto.

英文句子 from which

clyde — Thu, 10 Jul 2008 14:04:17 +0800

This report is based on my travel diary, from which I took the quotes (that) you are going to see throughout the pages.

"my travel diary"(先行詞)是為介係詞 "from"之受詞(動詞慣用take something from)
所以說"from which I took the quotes"的受詞是"my travel diary"
也就是--> I took the quotes from my travel diary.

"that"指的是"the quotes"因其為受格故省略
而"throughout the pages" 指的是 this report 的 pages...."throughout"本意為徹頭徹尾或是貫穿之意
所以"throughout the pages"可以看成是"throughout this report"

"from which" 的"which"是受格關代因為介係詞"from" 所以不可替換成"that"
而逗點是非限定用法意思是他只有一本travel diary 而不是從很多他的travel diary之中挑出的其中一本
"quotes" 當名詞翻譯 "quote + from"可以翻成引用,引文

-這篇報告是以我的旅遊日誌為基礎,你們將要看到的這幾頁報告內容是引自我的旅遊日誌-
換句話說
-你們將要看到的報告內容是從我的旅遊日誌中摘錄下來的意思~~

一個不錯的rpm網站

clyde — Sun, 01 Jun 2008 14:38:51 +0800

這個管理支援度都不錯，蠻推的。網站位址如下：

http://rpm.livna.org/rlowiki/

如何在fedora core 9上播放rmvb或是rm檔影片

clyde — Thu, 29 May 2008 20:33:44 +0800

我是安裝RealPlayer11GOLD.rpm，安裝完畢後還要在安裝alsa-oss套件，接下來打開realplayer，請到Tools->Preferences->Hardware->將使用Use Xvideo給取消掉，將Audio driver選擇OSS。按ok離開後，重新啟動realplayer，但是記得要用aoss realplay這個指令來啟動，這樣就可以順利播放rmvb或rm檔案了！

解決 firefox上播放flash檔案沒聲音的問題！

clyde — Thu, 29 May 2008 12:50:16 +0800

當安裝完flash播放檔之後，雖然可以看到flash了，但是播放出來卻沒有聲音，此時還要再多加裝一個package，那就是 libflashsupport (yum install libflashsupport)，就可以讓flash播放出聲音。

xfig 3.2.5 SIGSEGV abort

clyde — Sat, 24 May 2008 14:50:47 +0800

在安裝 xfig 於 fedora core 9 上時，安裝完畢之後，執行 xfig時候出現錯誤：

xfig 3.2.5 SIGSEGV abort

於是搜尋了一下google找到有類似的問題，那就是fedora core 9的XAW3D問題，因為版本的不一樣，導致xfig啟動完後之後，執行失敗，兩個可以解決的辦法：

1. 在Imakefile中將 #define XAW3D功能關閉！然後，xmkmf ; make即可。

2.或是在fedora core 9 下安裝XAW3D(但是fedora core 9本身就已經安裝最新的XAW3D1.5E以上版本)，所以變成是降版本。

英語吵架

clyde — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 17:41:37 +0800

英語吵架

1. Stop complaining! 別發牢騷！
2. You make me sick! 你真讓我噁心！
3. What’s wrong with you? 你怎麼回事？
4. You shouldn’t have done that! 你真不應該那樣做!
5. You’re a jerk! 你是個廢物/混球！
6. Don’t talk to me like that! 別那樣和我說話!
7. Who do you think you are? 你以為你是誰？
8. What’s your problem? 你怎麼回事啊？
9. I hate you! 我討厭你！
10. I don’t want to see your face! 我不願再見到你！
11. You’re crazy! 你瘋了!
12. Are you insane/crazy/out of your mind? 你瘋了嗎？（美國人絕對常用！）
13. Don’t bother me. 別煩我。
14. Knock it off. 少來這一套。
15. Get out of my face. 從我面前消失！
16. Leave me alone. 走開。
17. Get lost.滾開！
18. Take a hike! 哪兒涼快哪兒歇著去吧。
19. You piss me off. 你氣死我了。
20. It’s none of your business. 關你屁事！
21. What’s the meaning of this? 這是什麼意思？
22. How dare you! 你敢！
23. Cut it out. 省省吧。
24. You stupid jerk! 你這蠢豬！
25. You have a lot of nerve. 臉皮真厚。
26. I’m fed up. 我厭倦了。
27. I can’t take it anymore. 我受不了了！（李陽老師常用）
28. I’ve had enough of your garbage. 我聽膩了你的廢話。
29. Shut up! 閉嘴！
30. What do you want? 你想怎麼樣？
31. Do you know what time it is? 你知道現在都幾點嗎？
32. What were you thinking? 你腦子進水啊？
33. How can you say that? 你怎麼可以這樣說？
34. Who says? 誰說的？
35. That’s what you think! 那才是你腦子裏想的！
36. Don’t look at me like that. 別那樣看著我。
37. What did you say? 你說什麼？
38. You are out of your mind. 你腦子有毛病！
39. You make me so mad.你氣死我了啦。
40. Drop dead. 去死吧！
41. **** off. 滾蛋。
42. Don’t give me your ****. 別跟我胡扯。
43. Don’t give me your excuses/ No more excuses. 別找藉口。
44. You’re a pain in the ass. 你這討厭鬼。
45. You’re an asshole. 你這缺德鬼。
46. You bastard! 你這雜種！
47. Get over yourself. 別自以為是。
48. You’re nothing to me. 你對我什麼都不是。
49. It’s not my fault. 不是我的錯。
50. You look guilty. 你看上去心虛。
51. I can’t help it. 我沒辦法。
52. That’s your problem. 那是你的問題。
53. I don’t want to hear it. 我不想聽！
54. Get off my back. 少跟我囉嗦。
55. Give me a break. 饒了我吧。
56. Who do you think you’re talking to? 你以為你在跟誰說話？
57. Look at this mess! 看看這爛攤子！
58. You’re so careless. 你真粗心。
59. Why on earth didn’t you tell me the truth? 你到底為什麼不跟我說實話？
60. I’m about to explode! 我肺都快要氣炸了！
61. What a stupid idiot! 真是白癡一個！
62. I’m not going to put up with this! 我再也受不了啦！
63. I never want to see your face again! 我再也不要見到你！
64. That’s terrible. 真糟糕！
65. Just look at what you’ve done! 看看你都做了些什麼！
66. I wish I had never met you. 我真後悔這輩子遇到你！
67. You’re a disgrace. 你真丟人！
68. I’ll never forgive you! 我永遠都不會饒恕你！
69. Don’t nag me! 別在我面前嘮叨！
70. I’m sick of it. 我都膩了。
71. You’re such a bitch! 你這個婊子!
72. Stop screwing/ fooling/ messing around! 別鬼混了！
73. Mind your own business! 管好你自己的事！
74. You’re just a good for nothing bum! 你真是一個廢物！/ 你一無是處！
75. You’ve gone too far! 你太過分了！
76. I loathe you! 我討厭你！
77. I detest you! 我恨你！
78. Get the hell out of here! 滾開!
79. Don’t be that way! 別那樣！
80. Can’t you do anything right? 成事不足，敗事有餘。
81. You’re impossible. 你真不可救藥。
82. Don’t touch me! 別碰我！
83. Get away from me! 離我遠一點兒！
84. Get out of my life. 我不願再見到你。/ 從我的生活中消失吧。
85. You’re a joke! 你真是一個小丑！
86. Don’t give me your attitude. 別跟我擺架子。
87. You’ll be sorry. 你會後悔的。
88. We’re through. 我們完了！
89. Look at the mess you’ve made! 你搞得一團糟！
90. You’ve ruined everything. 全都讓你搞砸了。
91. I can’t believe your never. 你好大的膽子！
92. You’re away too far. 你太過分了。
93. I can’t take you any more! 我再也受不了你啦！
94. I’m telling you for the last time! 我最後再告訴你一次！
95. I could kill you! 我宰了你！
96. That’s the stupidest thing I’ve ever heard! 那是我聽到的最愚蠢的事！(比爾·蓋茨常用)
97. I can’t believe a word you say. 我才不信你呢!
98. You never tell the truth！你從來就不說實話！
99. Don’t push me ! 別逼我！
100. Enough is enough! 夠了夠了！
101. Don’t waste my time anymore. 別再浪費我的時間了！
102. Don’t make so much noise. I’m working. 別吵，我在幹活。
103. It’s unfair. 太不公平了。
104. I’m very disappointed. 真讓我失望。
105. Don’t panic! 別怕!
106. What do you think you are doing? 你知道你在做什麼嗎？
107. Don’t you dare come back again! 你敢再回來！
108. You asked for it. 你自找的。
109. Nonsense! 鬼話！

馬屁英語

1. Stop flattering me like that.
別再那樣拍我馬屁。

2. I don''t like Peter. He''s such a brown-noser.

我不喜歡彼得。他真是個馬屁精。

3. I know he''s trying to butter me up, but I''m not buying it.

我知道他想要拍我馬屁，但我才不吃那一套。

4. In order to get the promotion, she kept apple-polishing the manager.

為了升遷，她一直在拍經理的馬屁。

5. He started sucking up to the boss as soon as he got on board.

他一來公司就開始拍老闆的馬屁。

6. The professor likes her because she knows how to please him.

教授喜歡她是因為她知道怎麼討好他。

7. She''s very good at paying lip service.

她很會講一些言不由衷的好聽話。

8. Everyone in this company knows that he''s trying to curry favor with the board of the directors.

公司裏的每一個人都知道他想要巴結董事會。

9. That guy is a real bootlicker.

那個傢伙真是個馬屁精。

10. You want me to kiss his ass? Read my lips: No Way!

你要我拍他馬屁？仔細聽好：門兒都沒有！

流行美語

TOP 01 What''s up？有什麼新鮮事嗎？
TOP 02 Hey, give me five.嗨，好啊！
TOP 03 Pissed off很生氣
TOP 04 Get out of my face！離遠一點，別煩我！
TOP 05 Chill out！別煩躁！冷靜點！
TOP 06 Bomb搞砸了
TOP 07 Freak out大發脾氣
TOP 08 Flip out嚇呆了；發瘋
TOP 09 Knock it off！停止！
TOP 10 Drive me nuts把我逼瘋了
TOP 11 Cut class蹺課
TOP 12 Give me a break！別開玩笑了！
TOP 13 Get out of here！別騙了！別開玩笑了！
TOP 14 Kiss up to拍馬屁；巴結
TOP 15 Ace a test考得很好
TOP 16 Go with someone與固定的人約會
TOP 17 Have a crush on someone愛上某人
TOP 18 Be crazy about為之瘋狂；愛上
TOP 19 Head over heels從頭到腳；完全地
TOP 20 Flit around滿場飛；花蝴蝶

TOP 21 Flirt with送秋波；眉來眼去
TOP 22 Flirt愛招搖的人；愛出風頭的人
TOP 23 Gag me！真令我噁心！
TOP 24 Totally 真的很……
TOP 25 You can say that again.你說對了。
TOP 26 In a row連續的
TOP 27 I''ll say.我也有同感。
TOP 28 Fall apart崩潰；解散
TOP 29 Fed up受不了了
TOP 30 Dump him/her甩掉他／她

TOP 31 Break up男女朋友吹了
TOP 32 Are you kidding？你在開玩笑嗎？
TOP 33 Hot很搶手；很酷；很性感
TOP 34 Beats me.我不知道。
TOP 35 What the heck is this？這到底是什麼？
TOP 36 Stuff東西
TOP 37 Have a heart有點良心；發發善心
TOP 38 Just go for it.放手去做。
TOP 39 Gross真噁心
TOP 40 Dude老哥；老兄

TOP 41 Get real！認清現實，別做夢了！
TOP 42 Chick女孩
TOP 43 Man！哇塞！
TOP 44 No way！免談！
TOP 45 Have you lost it？你瘋了？
TOP 46 Rip-off敲竹槓
TOP 47 Buck元
TOP 48 Broke沒錢；沒現金
TOP 49 Window商店的櫥窗
TOP 50 Drop-dead gorgeous棒極了

TOP 51 Holy cow！我的天啊！
TOP 52 Talk about...那真是……
TOP 53 Hold it down小聲點
TOP 54 In fashion正流行
TOP 55 Burned up很生氣
TOP 56 Bug惹煩；惹惱
TOP 57 Push someone''s buttons惹火對方
TOP 58 Have a screw loose頭腦有問題；短路
TOP 59 It''s on me.我請客。
TOP 60 Set foot in somewhere涉足於某場所

TOP 61 Yummy很好吃；味道不錯
TOP 62 Hello！有沒有搞錯！
TOP 63 Dough錢
TOP 64 John馬桶
TOP 65 Go to the bathroom上廁所
TOP 66 Hit大熱門；最搶眼；最搶手
TOP 67 Green新手；沒經驗
TOP 68 Dirt閒話語言
TOP 69 Dirty joke黃色笑話
TOP 70 Bullshit鬼話連篇！

TOP 71 Cop員警
TOP 72 Freeze！別動！
TOP 73 Come down on someone責備；責駡；批評
TOP 74 Rag on someone責怪；責駡
TOP 75 Chicken out臨陣退縮
TOP 76 Grounded被禁止；被罰不准
TOP 77 Bummer真倒楣
TOP 78 Let someone down令人失望
TOP 79 Up to no good惹事生非
TOP 80 Dweeb笨蛋；令人討厭的人

TOP 81 Get lost迷路；走失了；走開
TOP 82 Zit青春痘
TOP 83 Hang out瞎混
TOP 84 Hang out with...跟某人一起瞎混
TOP 85 Get on my nerves惹我厭煩；令我神經緊張
TOP 86 Clean up one''s act好好表現；改善行為
TOP 87 Two thumbs up！非常好！
TOP 88 Hold your tongue！不要再說！
TOP 89 Take a nose dive直線下降
TOP 90 No-show失約；不來

TOP 91 Put up with something忍受
TOP 92 Bean brain蠢材；沒腦筋
TOP 93 Big-mouth口沒遮攔；大嘴巴
TOP 94 Red-hot紅得發紫；搶手
TOP 95 Hardcore！很難的課程；帥啊！
TOP 96 Out of the blue毫無來由；不知從哪里冒出來
TOP 97 Scream熱鬧；有意思
TOP 98 Corny陳腔濫調
TOP 99 Uh, oh！唉呀！糟糕！
TOP 100 Brother！唉呀！幫個忙！拜託！

地道英語

1. Hello Friend!
Hey, man, good to see you. 嗨，幸會。
Good to see you too, I think. 幸會……，大概。
Good afternoon, sir. 下午好，先生。
At ease. 休息。
Good evening, how are you? 晚安，你好嗎？
Hello, Randy. Is he going to be taken care of? 喂，藍迪，你肯把那傢伙收拾掉嗎？
Sure thing, boss. All in a day''s work. 當然，頭，這是家常便飯。
Hi, Joe! 嗨，喬！
Hello, Tom, what''s happening? 你好，湯姆，怎麼啦？
Morning, Alice. 早上好，愛麗斯！
Bye! Have a good day. 再見！請慢走！
Bye! 再見啦！
Good morning, dear. 早，親愛的。

2. This Happy Feeling (1)

Internet is number one! 國際互聯網真是頂呱呱！
We finally made it. 我們終於做到了！
Well done! Bond, you''ve done it! 好極了！邦德，幹得好！
Yay, a hole in one! 嘿！一杆進洞！（一擊必殺？）
Oh well, better luck next time. 算了，下次的運氣會更好。
Steady wins the race. 從容就是贏得比賽的訣竅。
Chase the nice bone, doggie. 狗兄，去追那可口的骨頭啊。（俚語，不用解釋了吧？）
Tell me, is it a boy? 喂，你是男孩嗎？
Come on, honey. 過來，親愛的。
He swept her off her feet. （俗語）他對她可著迷了。
Beautiful! 漂亮！（和美麗可沒關係呦。）
Hey, guy, we''re rich. 嘿，夥計，我們發財了！

3. This Happy Feeling (2)

What skill! What luck! What fun! 多有本事！多麼走運！多令人興奮！
You sucker! 江湖郎中！
You want me to shut him up, guy? 哥們，要不要我把它辦掉？
Best wishes to you both. 祝你們倆無比幸福！
Hurray! 萬歲！
I always get my man. 我是不會讓他從我的眼皮底下溜走的。（意譯）
How did you do it? 你是怎樣達成它的？
Congratulation! 恭喜！
Bottoms up! 乾杯！
We did it. 幹的好！
Thanks guys, you won the games for us. 謝謝大家，能贏得比賽，委實是托大家的福。
I owe it all to you. 全是托您的福。
Good work. 做得很棒！
Envy. 羡慕。
It''s your fault. 全讓你給搞砸了。
No, man. You''re the one who blew it. 不，老兄，你才是敗事的一個。

4. I''m So Mad at... (1)

What''s goes on here? 什麼事？（不情願的語氣）
What are you doing talking to my girl friend? 你小子跟我的女人搭訕，居心何在呀？
Uh-oh, here comes my boy friend, he''s insanely jealous. 噢，我男朋友過來啦，他可是個大醋罎子呦。
Out, rat! 滾出去，老鼠！
Hey, you break it up! 喂，住手啦！
How! A fight! 嘩，打架啦！
Ouch! That hurts. 好痛呦！會受傷哩！
Billy, get off the doggie''s tail. 比利，得擾人處且饒人，放他一馬吧。
Paint the porch, fool, or else. 傻瓜，快去漱漱口，不然哪（把你的牙全拔了）。
Cut it out, my name is Fred, not Fool! 你給我住嘴，我的名字是Fred，不是傻瓜！
Love makes the world go round. 愛能感動世界。

5. I''m so mad at... (2)

Here, have some coffee on me. 來，我請你喝咖啡。
I''ll have some on you all right. 好吧，我要掛你的帳喝它個痛快。（多沒人性呀！）
Our leader is more devious than your leader. 我們頭兒比你們的要棋高一籌。
B.S. our leader invented the word? “胡說八道”這個詞是咱們領導創造的吧？
The pen is mightier than the sword. 筆利於劍。
Cad! Cur! Beast! 無賴！流氓！雜種！（可不要到處對人亂講喲）
Omph! 唔！
Ahh! 啊哈！
Gee, don''t be mad, dear, red looks good on you. 喏，親愛的，別生氣呀。紅顏色對於你再合適不過了。
Look what you did, squirt! 小子，你仔細看看你做的好事！
Cool it man，I''m sorry. 對不起，請您息怒。
Auck, don''t hit me! I''m an innocent bystander. 啊呦，別整我，我只是個旁觀者。
Snort! I didn''t do anything wrong! 哼哼，我沒做錯什麼事啊。
Out! 滾出去！
I''m sorry, sir. I didn''t mean it. 對不起，老兄，我並沒有惡意。
Fool, you added this bill up wrong! 笨蛋，你把帳單加多了！
So I made a mistake, big deal! 我真是錯得離譜了。

6. I''m So Sad... (1)

Broke again. 又破產了。
That was my last one, too. 那可是我最後額財產了。
Sigh. He doesn''t even know I''m alive. 啊啊，他一直都不知道我還活著。
The only feasting I do these days is in my dream. 這幾天我只能在夢中享受山珍海味了。
I lost two teeth, my contract, and the game. （意譯）福無雙降，禍不單行；黃鼠狼單咬病鴨子。
Sob, I lost. 嗚嗚，我又輸了。
He tricked me. I hate him. 他耍弄了我，好恨他。
Johnny doesn''t like me. 喬妮不喜歡我。
I blew it. 我們吹了。
I''m all washed up. 我都完事了（筋疲力盡了）。
Joe was really a rat. 喬（生前）是個十足的大騙子。（咒駡）
Shh! He''ll hear you. 咻，小聲點，他會聽到的。

7. I''m So Sad... (2)

Good-bye, cruel world. 永別了，殘酷的世界啊。
I wish you wouldn''t go this way. 我希望你不必落得這樣的下場。
Sigh, I''m so hungry. Can I have a bite? 噢，我肚子餓了。我可以吃一口嗎？
No! Yum, gorge, glut. 不行，嚼嚼！你這討厭鬼。
I''ll drown my sorrows. 我要消愁解悶。
Sob! I didn''t mean to kill it. I''m sorry birdie. 嗚嗚，我無意要殺死你。對不起，小鳥。
Ooo! I can''t look. 唔，我不忍心在看下去了。
Goodness, I do hope this isn''t a loud gun. I hate noise. 但願這不是一把會發出巨響的手槍。俺不喜歡噪音。（自殺者的話）
Will it hurt? 不知道會不會受傷？
I''ll rip him apart with my hands. 我要親手把他撕成碎片。（好恐怖）

8. A Shy Little Kitten (1)

The little boy grew red at the sight of the cute girl. 那個男孩子見到可愛的女孩而滿臉通紅。
She is afraid he''ll think her a pig. 她怕他會像對豬般的厭惡她。
Don''t be shy, dear. 親愛的，你別害羞嘛。
I''m ashamed. I couldn''t tell you my love. 我真的不好意思,愛你在心口難開呀。
They feel uneasy. 他們因不安而沒法鎮定下來。
Behave yourself, or I''ll shot. 乖乖聽命，不然我就開槍。
The audience laughs. 觀眾在大笑。
He is embarrassed because he made a mistake. 他因為弄錯而顯得很窘。
She blushes for him. 聽了他的話，她羞紅了臉。
You should see my wife in a bikini... She''s a knockout. 你應該看看我太太穿比基尼的樣子，致命眩暈。

9. A Shy Little Kitten (2)

She lost her dignity. 她失去了鎮定。
She is timid and completely at a loss what to do. 她羞臊得不知所措。
Yak, yak, yak. 哇哇哇！（好像是裝出嘔吐的樣子）
I told you, my mom could beat your pop. 告訴你，我媽要把你爸揍一頓。
Ahh, shucks! 哈哈，沒關係。
He is pinned down by the demonstrators. 他被示威的隊伍給釘住了。
She felt awkward. 她想到受到懲罰時的尷尬。
He will be too afraid to do anything. 他害怕得什麼都不能做了。
Nice guy! 好傢伙！
Bully! 暴徒！
Have a little wine, punk. 小夥子，喝一點酒吧。（可以緩解一下精神緊張）
The drunk humiliates the gentleman. 醉酒使得這位紳士丟人現眼。
He is teasing a friend. 他在愚弄朋友。
He feels awkward. 他感到困惑。
She likes you a lot. 她對老兄你很傾心。
I could die. 簡直（愛得）要死了。（注意語氣）
Losing her eyelash cause her to blush for shame. 她因為弄丟了假睫毛，羞得面紅耳赤。

10.How Terrible!

Oh, on! A ghost! 哇！有鬼呀！
My goodness! A snake! 天呀！有蛇！
His eyes will pop out in astonishment. 他因為害怕而瞪大了眼睛。
Frightened to death. 嚇死人了。
Shook up. 嚇住。
I''ve lost my nerve. 我失去了勇氣。
She is scared to death. 她嚇得半死。
How awful. 多可怕呀！
He is shocked. 他受到了打擊。
She will be amazed when she wakes up for dinner. 她要是在吃晚餐的時候醒來。必定會大吃一驚。
OPPS! 哇！
He is surprised. 他大為驚訝。
She cried with shock. 她因受驚嚇而喊叫。
She was so stunned, that she couldn''t speak. 她驚愕得說不出話來。
The crowd gasped with astonishment. 大家驚訝的屏住呼吸。
He surprised them, so they gave up quietly. 他出其不意地襲擊了他們，因此他們乖乖地投降了。
They jumped at the unexpected noise. 他們因突如其來的聲音嚇得跳了起來。
She screamed in astonishment. 她驚嚇得發出尖叫。
He was so startled that he yelled. 他驚嚇得高聲喊叫。
He turned white with amazement. 他害怕得臉都蒼白了。
Got all in a panic. 驚恐萬分。

11. I Think... (1)

She looks like my type. 她看起來像我喜歡的那種類型。
He seems to be the most muscular guy. 他看起來似乎最魁偉。
I believe I''m the strongest. 我相信我是最強壯的。
I know I''ll win. 我一定會贏的。
Let''s see who''s right. 讓我看看誰是對的。
I have confidence in myself. 我對自己頗具信心。
I suppose he''s coming to us. 我才他會到這來的。
I''ve always respected him. 我一直很尊敬他。
I never expected him to be so great. 我沒有想到他會是那麼了不起。
I must be the first. 我一定要得第一。
I may be the first. 說不定我得第一。
She is supposed to be one of the best singers. 大家認為她是最有名氣的歌星。
I wonder if it''s a real diamond. 它可是地道的鑽石呀。
I think this is a fake diamond. 我想這是假鑽石。

12. I Think... (2)

I bet he''s the best. 我敢打賭他是最棒的。
No everybody puts the highest values on him. 不，人人對他都有最高的評價。
I think his fish is a little bigger than mine. 他的魚似乎比我的大了一點。
Maybe mine is the bigger. 我的或許更大些。
It is clear that fish is bigger than others and wins the championship. 這一條明明比其他的大，而且會獲勝的。
It''s going to crash! Why? 要下墜了，究竟怎麼啦？
I don''t know, sir, but I guess the computer made some mistake. 不知道呀，好像是電腦出了故障了。
This is your last chance. I believe you can make it. 這時你最後的機會，我相信你會成功的。
I''m sure I''ll be President. 我必定會當選總統。
I doubt he''ll win the election. 我懷疑他是否能贏得選舉。
I think he''s no good. 我想他不行。
I''m willing to bet he''ll lose. 我願意賭他輸。
I think that''s the guy-he''s a killer. 我想那傢伙是個殺手。
Must be. 一定是。
I''m afraid the pollution will kill us all. 公害可能把我們都逼死。
I''ve realized that we should stop the pollution. 我明白必須阻止公害的原因了。

13. I Guess...

I''m afraid the crash was because of your fault. 抱歉，我怕這次墜毀是你弄砸的緣故。
I guess you''re right. It seems I''ll be grounded. 我想你說得對，我看我該轉到地勤了。
I hope I''ll get a big pay raise. 但願薪水大大提高一下。
I suppose it might be gold. 說不定是金子啊。
No, it can''t be gold. 不，它不可能是金子。
I imagine it was part of a dinosaur. 我猜那是恐龍的一部分骨骼。
This will be the biggest fish ever. 這是前所未見的大魚吧？
Guess! I hope you''ll like it. 猜猜看！我想你會中意的。
What can it be? 它是什麼呢？
I expected No.2 to win. 我以為2號會贏。

14. I Agree...

Women have the same rights as you! 女人也和你一樣享有同等權力！
No! Women should stay at home. 不，女人應該呆在家裏！
Dear, you''ll be home right after work, won''t you? 親愛的，你做完工作會直接回家是嗎？
I''ll try, but I may have to work late. 就這樣辦，不過，昨晚工作怕要很晚了。
So, you see... 所以啊，你該知道……
I may be wrong, but your theory is all wrong, professor. 也許我不對，不過，教授您的理論是完全錯了。
Please sign. 請你簽字。
No, I don''t want to. 不，我不希望那樣。
Gentlemen! Can''t you agree on anything? 先生們，可否贊成一項？

15. I Plan...

I thought he could design the most beautiful department store, but... 我想他能設計出最漂亮的百貨商場，不過……
The designer is working hard on a new project. 設計師在努力籌畫新穎的設計專案。
The concert will be held September 14 at 10 a.m. 該演奏會預定於9月14日10時舉行。
After Flagstaff, we''ll go to San Diego. 到佛拉格斯塔夫之後，我們去聖達戈吧。
To plan a vacation trip. 計畫休假的旅行。
The spacecraft is scheduled to arrive at Saturn next year. 太空船預定明年到達土星。
Our plan is the best and the safest, you see. 正如你所見到的，我們的計畫是最完美，最安全的。
Why don''t you change your route? 你們為什麼不變更路線呢？
The U.S. will take one route, the Japan take other. 美國和日本採取不同的新路徑。
To plan a mountain climbing expedition. 計畫登山探險。
Now, let''s find some new girls. 現在讓我們尋找一些新的女孩子。
He is planning his future already. 他已經在為將來做打算了。
You use the front door and I''ll hit the back. 你從正門進去，我襲擊後面。
OK. Your plans are always successful. OK，你的計畫常常無往不利！
The gangsters are planning a robbery. 一夥強盜在計畫搶劫。
If his plan works, he''ll earn 100 million in 10 years. 如果按照他的計畫做，十年就能掙到一億元了。
changed mind 改變主意
perish the thought 打消念頭
Learning is better than house and land. 學問是一生的財富。

16. May I Ask You... ?

Could I speak to you, please? 我可以跟你談話嗎？
Aren''t you dressed too formally? 你穿的不是太正式化了嗎？
She feels pity for him. 她同情他。
What happened, guy? 怎麼了，夥計？
Do you like football? 你喜歡足球嗎？
Sure. Are you a pro-golfer? 當然了。你是指也高爾夫球手嗎？
Didn''t you order this? 你不是訂下這道菜了嗎？
Could you carry my doggie for me? 你能替我帶我的小狗嗎？
What can I do? 我該怎麼辦哪？
Why are you yelling? 你在嚷什麼？
I wonder why they''re angry. 夥計，他們為什麼生氣？

17. Is That... ?

Will she like it? 她會喜歡它嗎？
I wonder what he''s doing. 我不知道他在做什麼。
Tell me where I can post them. 請問，哪里有投信的郵筒？
The mailbox is over there. 郵筒就在那兒。
I think he''s still in bed. 我想，他還賴在床上。
What is he doing today? 今天他在做些什麼？
They imagine, what he is doing. 她們在猜他所做的事。
What will the weather be like tomorrow? 明天將是什麼樣的天氣呀？
Is the plane leaving? 飛機要起飛了嗎？（將來時，而不是進行時）
What is your girlfriend''s name? 你女朋友的芳名是？
Can I take my vacation, sir? I would like to see my mother in Miami. 頭，我可以休假嗎？我要去探望在邁阿密的母親。
Jenny, does she really live here? 珍妮，你真的在邁阿密有母親嗎？
Could you give me some comments? 你有什麼感想嗎？
Don''t you think she''s cute? 你不認為她很可愛嗎？
I guess so, honey. 嗯，真的。
How do other racers feel? 他的賽車同伴怎麼想？
Who''s the second? 下一位是誰？
You saw that movie, didn''t you? Was it interesting? 你看過這部電影了吧？精彩嗎？
Yes, but I don''t want go downtown. 是的，但是我不希望上街。
Will our baby be a boy? 我們的小寶寶是男孩嗎？
How much will the hospital bill be? 住院費大概是多少錢？
Didn''t I tell you he''s same size to me? 我沒有說過他和我一樣大小嗎？
Wasn''t he a little bigger than you? 他不是塊頭比你大一些嗎？
How was it, sir? 它好嗎？先生。
The dinner was superb. Who cooked it? 菜太棒了！誰做的？你嗎？

18. Could You... ?

Would you please put it on top? 能請你把它放在最上面嗎?
We demand better pay. 我們要求增加工資。
Please be reasonable. 請別做無理的要求。
Dad, do you mind if we use this room? 爸，我們可以使用這個房間嗎？
Will you marry me? 你肯嫁給我嗎？（說這句話的時候，眼睛一定要看著她的眼睛。）
Would you take them to my room? 能送到我的房間嗎？
Officer, give me a break. 警官，請恕我打擾一下。
I''ve got four kids at home and no wife. 我有四個由我父兼母職的孩子。（又當爹，又當媽，好辛苦。）
Would you meet me 3:30? 你能在三點版和我見面嗎？

19. Do It, Now.

I can''t help it, sir. 我也無能為力，先生。
You''ve got no ID card, boy! 你是小孩吧，怎麼沒帶身份證呀。
But I''ll pay. Why not? 但是我付錢啊，不行嗎？
You''re way behind schedule. 你比預定的落後了。
Get out of the car! You''re drunk. 下車，你這傢伙！喝醉了吧！
Sorry, sir. But it''s our graduation day. 對不起，不過，今天是畢業的日子嘛。
Fly me to Cuba. I hijack the plane. 飛往古巴。這架飛機我要了！（劫機，好可怕呀。）
Give me the rocket and boat, and I''ll give you a sucker. 把那火箭和快艇給我，我就給你棒棒糖。
Don''t trust him, he''s lying. 別相信他，他在亂蓋。
Son! Don''t make suck a noise when you eat. 兒子，吃飯的時候不可以發出聲音。
Hi, thief! Would you stop that music for me? 喂，小偷兄，你能替我把音樂關掉嗎？
Who is it? Come down. 是誰？下來。
Who cares! 我不在乎！
I don''t care what you say. 我不在乎別人怎麼說。

20. Oh, No, No... (1)

Oh, no! Not today, please! 哦，不要！今天就饒了我吧。
No, Jack. You must go on. 不行，傑克。你必須繼續下去。
Hello! I''m from ABC Insurance. May I speak to you? 您好，我是從ABC保險公司來的。我可以跟您談談嗎？
Nobody''s at home. 家裏面沒人。
No. Can''t you see that rocket is almost falling down. 不。你不知道火箭快要倒下來了嗎？
Make love not war! 要愛情不要戰爭。（美國反越戰時期的口號。）
No, No. You can''t do it like that. 不行，不行。不能隨你那樣做。
You must go to the moon. It''s your duty. 你必須上月球去，這是你的職責。
We won''t go to war. 我們不希望訴諸於戰爭。
Stop it, Apollo! 阿波羅計畫中止了。
I don''t like working on Sunday. 我不喜歡在星期天工作。
This is our play road. 這裏是我們遊戲的地方。
We don''t like them to pass through here. 我們不希望汽車通過這裏。

精選流行口語

１．李明是個敗家子。
　　Li ming is the black sheep of his family.
　　２．她是個天生愛哭的人。
　　She‘s a natural crier.

　　３．他真是個不知羞恥的傢伙。
　　He‘s really a law-down dirty shame.

　　４．他可是個樂天派，整天無憂無慮的。
　　He‘s good-time Charlie, feeling no worries and anxieties.

　　５．論開車技術，不李和小王那真是不分上下。
　　In the skills of driving, Xiao Li and Xiao Wang are neck and neck.

　　６．他已絞盡了腦汁。
　　He had racked his brain.

　　７．他可是個有頭腦的人。
　　He‘s a brain.

　　８．李明很能幹。
　　Li ming has a lot on the ball.

　　９．你剛才提到的那個作家只不過是個有名無實的人。
　　The man you‘ve just mentioned is but a poor apology for a writer.

　　１０．他真的太沒骨氣了。
　　He really has no guts.

　　１１．曇花一現
　　A flash in the pan

　　１２．他對保險業務一竅不通。
　　He doesn‘t know beans about insurance business at all.

　　１３．她很勇敢，但終因寡不敵眾，被那幫人打暈過去。
　　The girl was brave enough, but as being outnumbered,she was finally knocked into the middle of next week by the gang.

　　１４．他喜歡單槍匹馬地去幹。
　　He always likes to play a lone hand.

　　１５．他一開始就出師不利。
　　He got off on the wrong foot when he started doing it.

　　１６．你還嫩點兒。
　　You‘re still wet behind the ears.

　　１７．她的飯量特別小。
　　She eats like a bird.

　　１８．那個孩子的嘴特別硬。
　　That boy never says uncle.

　　１９．我們隊占上風。
　　Our team gained the upper hand.

　　２０．你中圈套了。
　　You rose to the bait.

　　２１．你騙不了我。
　　I‘m from Missouri.

　　２２．見機行事
　　Play to the score.

　　２３．肯定有人唆使他去幹那件事。
　　There must be someone who had put him up to that.(正式：唆使＝instigate)

　　２４．他不是不願意幫助你，而是他心有餘而力不足。
　　It‘s not that he doesn‘t like to help, but that the spirit is willing,
　　but the flesh is week.

　　２５．事到如今，我們也只好聽其自然了。
　　With things as such, we‘ll have to let things slide.

　　２６．這幾天不知是什麼事把我搞得心煩意亂的。
　　I don‘t know what has set my nerves on edge these days.

　　２７．讓過去的事過去吧，我們還是好朋友。
　　Lit bygones be bygones. We are still friends.

　　２８．昨天晚上好險哪。老闆同一個女職員在辦公室動手動腳的，差一點兒讓他的妻子
　　給撞上。
　　The boss had narrow squeak last night in his office，his spooning with
　　a girl clerk was almost found out by his wife.

　　２９．這場旱災是百年不遇的。
　　This draught occurs once in a blue moon.

　　３０．算了吧。
　　Iet‘s call it quits.

　　３１．她的嘴很緊。
　　She‘s tight-mouthed.

　　３２．別跟我瞎吹了，我又不是不瞭解你底細。
　　No big talk with me. I have your number.

　　３３．玲玲是她爺爺的掌上明珠。
　　LIng Ling is the apple of her grandpa‘s eye.

　　３４．傑克體形勻稱，個頭兒適中，一雙大眼睛炯炯有神，成了許多女孩子追
　　求的目標。
　　Jack, with a body well-proportioned, about the middling, a pair of
　　intense big eyes, has become the traget of many pretty girls.

　　３５．從人口數量方面講，印度僅次於中國。
　　Talking about the size of population, India is next only to China.

　　３６．我可不願意白吃白喝別人。
　　I wouldn‘t freeload.

　　３７．對牛彈琴
　　casting pearls before swine.

　　３８．我不知道。那只是我瞎猜的。
　　I didn‘t know. I was only a shot in the dark.

　　３９．他們開車到外面兜風去了。
　　They drove the car and went out for a spin.

　　４０．你為什麼總拿別人開心？
　　Why should you always like to rib others?

中文小食英譯

·中式早點
燒餅　　　　　Clay oven rolls
油條　　　　　Fried bread stick
韭菜盒　　　　Fried leek dumplings
水餃　　　　　Boiled dumplings
蒸餃　　　　　Steamed dumplings
饅頭　　　　　Steamed buns
割包　　　　　Steamed sandwich
飯團　　　　　Rice and vegetable roll
蛋餅　　　　　Egg cakes
皮蛋　　　　　100-year egg
鹹鴨蛋　　　　Salted duck egg
豆漿　　　　　Soybean milk

·飯類
稀飯　　　　　Rice porridge
白飯　　　　　Plain white rice
油飯　　　　　Glutinous oil rice
糯米飯　　　　Glutinous rice
鹵肉飯　　　　Braised pork rice
蛋炒飯　　　　Fried rice with egg
地瓜粥　　　　Sweet potato congee

·面類
餛飩面　　　　Wonton & noodles
刀削麵　　　　Sliced noodles
麻辣面　　　　Spicy hot noodles
麻醬面　　　　Sesame paste noodles
鴨肉面　　　　Duck with noodles
鱔魚面　　　　Eel noodles
烏龍面　　　　Seafood noodles
榨菜肉絲麵　　Pork , pickled mustard green noodles
牡蠣細面　　　Oyster thin noodles
板條　　　　　Flat noodles
米粉　　　　　Rice noodles
炒米粉　　　　Fried rice noodles
冬粉　　　　　Green bean noodle

·湯類
魚丸湯　　　　Fish ball soup
貢丸湯　　　　Meat ball soup
蛋花湯　　　　Egg & vegetable soup
蛤蜊湯　　　　Clams soup
牡蠣湯　　　　Oyster soup
紫菜湯　　　　Seaweed soup
酸辣湯　　　　Sweet & sour soup
餛飩湯　　　　Wonton soup
豬腸湯　　　　Pork intestine soup
肉羹湯　　　　Pork thick soup
魷魚湯　　　　Squid soup
花枝羹　　　　Squid thick soup

·甜　點
愛玉　　　　　Vegetarian gelatin
糖葫蘆　　　　Tomatoes on sticks
長壽桃　　　　Longevity Peaches
芝麻球　　　　Glutinous rice sesame balls
麻花　　　　　Hemp flowers
雙胞胎　　　　Horse hooves

·冰　類
綿綿冰　　　　Mein mein ice
麥角冰　　　　Oatmeal ice
地瓜冰　　　　Sweet potato ice
紅豆牛奶冰　　Red bean with milk ice
八寶冰　　　　Eight treasures ice
豆花　　　　　Tofu pudding

·果　汁
甘蔗汁　　　　Sugar cane juice
酸梅汁　　　　Plum juice
楊桃汁　　　　Star fruit juice
青草茶　　　　Herb juice

·點心
牡蠣煎　　　　Oyster omelet
臭豆腐　　　　Stinky tofu (Smelly tofu)
油豆腐　　　　Oily bean curd
麻辣豆腐　　　Spicy hot bean curd
蝦片　　　　　Prawn cracker
蝦球　　　　　Shrimp balls
春捲　　　　　Spring rolls
蛋捲　　　　　Chicken rolls
碗糕　　　　　Salty rice pudding
筒仔米糕　　　Rice tube pudding
紅豆糕　　　　Red bean cake
綠豆糕　　　　Bean paste cake
糯米糕　　　　Glutinous rice cakes
蘿蔔糕　　　　Fried white radish patty
芋頭糕　　　　Taro cake
肉圓　　　　　Taiwanese Meatballs
水晶餃　　　　Pyramid dumplings
肉丸　　　　　Rice-meat dumplings
豆幹　　　　　Dried tofu

·其他
當歸鴨　　　　Angelica duck
檳榔　　　　　Betel nut
火鍋　　　　　Hot pot

英文流行經典名句

Money is not everything. There‘s Mastercard & Visa.
　　鈔票不是萬能的，有時還需要信用卡。

　　One should love animals. They are so tasty.

　　每個人都應該熱愛動物，因為它們很好吃。

　　Save water. Shower with your girlfriend.

　　要節約用水，儘量和女友一起洗澡。

　　Love the neighbor. But don‘t get caught.

　　要用心去愛你的鄰居，不過不要讓她的老公知道。

　　Behind every successful man, there is a woman. And behind every unsuccessful man, there are two.

　　每個成功男人的背後，都有一個女人。每個不成功男人的背後，都有兩個。

　　Every man should marry. After all, happiness is not the only thing in life.

　　再快樂的單身漢遲早也會結婚，幸福不是永久的嘛。

　　The wise never marry, And when they marry they become otherwise.

　　聰明人都是未婚的，結婚的人很難再聰明起來。

　　Success is a relative term. It brings so many relatives.

　　成功是一個相關名詞，他會給你帶來很多不相關的親戚（聯繫）。

　　Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today.

　　不要等明天交不上差再找藉口，今天就要找好。

　　Love is photogenic. It needs darkness to develop.

　　愛情就象照片，需要大量的暗房時間來培養。（老外也保守，要摸黑辦事，哈哈）

　　Children in backseats cause accidents. Accidents in backseats cause children.

　　後排座位上的小孩會生出意外，後排座位上的意外會生出小孩。

　　"Your future depends on your dreams." So go to sleep.

　　“現在的夢想決定著你的將來”，所以還是再睡一會吧。

　　There should be a better way to start a day than waking up every morning.

　　應該有更好的方式開始新一天，而不是千篇一律的在每個上午都醒來。

　　"Hard work never killed anybody." But why take the risk? "

　　“努力工作不會導致死亡！”不過我不會用自己去證明。

　　"Work fascinates me." I can look at it for hours! "

　　“工作好有意思耶！”尤其是看著別人工作。

　　God made relatives; Thank God we can choose our friends.

　　神決定了誰是你的親戚，幸運的是在選擇朋友方面他給了你留了餘地。

　　When two‘s company, three‘s the result!

　　兩個人的狀態是不穩定的，三個人才是！

　　A dress is like a barbed fence. It protects the premises without restricting the view.

　　服飾就象鐵絲網，它阻止你冒然行動但並不妨礙你盡情的觀看。

　　The more you learn, the more you know, The more you know, the more you forget. The more you forget, the less you know. So why bother to learn.

　　學的越多，知道的越多，知道的越多，忘記的越多，忘記的越多，知道的越少，為什麼學來著？

商務英語500句

1 I want a package deal including airfare and hotel.
我需要一個成套服務，包括機票和住宿
2 I''d like to change this ticket to the first class.
我想把這張票換成頭等車。
3 I''d like to reserve a sleeper to Chicago.
我要預訂去芝加哥的臥鋪。
4 I won''t check this baggage
這件行李我不托運。
5 I''d like to sit in the front of the plane.
我要坐在飛機前部
6 I missed my train.
我未趕上火車
7 I haven''t nothing to declare.
我沒有要申報的東西。
8 It''s all personal effects.
這些東西都是我私人用的
9 I''ll pick up ticket at the airport counter.
我會在機場櫃檯拿機票。
10 I''d like two seats on today''s Northwest Flight 7 to Detroit, please.
我想訂兩張今天西北航空公司7班次到底特律的機票。
11 We waited for John in the lobby of the airport.
我們在機場的大廳裏等約翰。
12 I''d like to buy an excursion pass instead.
我要買一張優待票代替。
13 I''d like a refund on this ticket.
我要退這張票。
14 I''d like to have a seat by the window.
我要一個靠窗的座位。
15 You have to change at Chicago Station.
你必須要在芝加哥站轉車。
16 We have only one a day for New York.
到紐約的一天只有一班。
17 Sorry, they are already full.
抱歉，全部滿了。
18 I''d like to reserve a seat to New York.
我要預訂一個座位去紐約。
19 The flight number is AK708 on September 5th.
班機號碼是9月5日AK708
20 There''s a ten thirty flight in the morning.
早上10點半有班機。
21 I''m looking for my baggage。
我正在找我的行李。
22 I''d like to make a reservation
我想預訂。
23 The sooner, the better.
越快越好。
24 I''d like to change my reservation.
我想變更一下我的預訂。
25 I''d like to reconfirm my flight from London to Tokyo.
我要再確認一下我從倫敦到東京的班機。
26 My reservation number is 2991.
我的預訂號碼是2991。
27 I made a reservation in Tokyo.
我在東京預訂的。
28 I made reservations yesterday.
我昨天預訂的。
29 I want to reserve a seat from Los Angeles to Tokyo.
我要預訂一張從洛杉磯到東京的機票。
30 I always have a big wash to do on Saturdays.
我星期六總是有一大堆的衣物要洗。
31 The laundry is not dry enough.
衣服還沒幹。
32 I put too much detergent in the washer.
我在洗衣機裏放了太多的洗衣粉。
33 This stain is really stubborn.
這污垢去不掉。
34 I did three loads of wash today.
我今天洗了三次衣服。
35 The train is comfortable.
坐火車很舒服。
36 I checked my baggage in the baggage section.
我在行李房托運行李。
37 He guessed the train would come in early.
他猜想火車會很早到達。
38 The stations are always full of people。
火車站裏經常擠滿了人。
39 I hope you have a good trip.
祝你旅途愉快。
40 You need to transfer at Central Station.
你必須在中央車站換車。
41 How long are you going to stay here?
你要在這裏停留多久？
42 Do you have anything to declare?
你有東西要申報關稅嗎？
43 What''s the purpose of your visit?
你旅行的目的是什麼？
44 What time does the ship leave?
船什麼時間啟航？
45 When will the ship leave for Honolulu?
這艘船什麼時候出發去檀香山？
46 Could you please give me the departure time?
你能告訴我出發的時間嗎？
47 Do I need a reservation to go by ship?
我坐船去需要預訂嗎？
48 How much for a one-way ticket to Shanghai?
去上海的單程票多少錢？
49 When would you like to return?
你打算什麼時候回來/去？
50 Do you have any tickets available for that date?
你們有那天的票嗎？
51 Do you have any tickets available for that date?
你們有那天的票嗎？
52 How much does a round trip ticket to go there cost?
一張去那邊的往返票要多少錢？
53 Would you take this coat to the cleaner''''s?
你可以把這件外套送到洗衣店嗎？
54 Will you iron out the wrinkles in this skirt?
可以幫我把這件裙子燙平嗎？
55 Won''''t you iron this shirt for me?
可以幫我燙這件襯衫嗎？
56 Will you bring the laundry in if it rains?
下雨時請你收一下衣服，好嗎？
57 Where am I supposed to pay the excess train fare?
我應該在哪里補票？
58 Where can you pick up your suitcase?
你在哪里取你的手提箱呢？
59 When can you pick up your ticket?
你什麼時候可拿到車票呢？
60 Where is immigration?
入境處在什麼地方？
61 Where can I get my baggage?
我到哪里去拿我的行李呢？
62 Is the departure time on schedule?
起飛時間準時嗎？
63 How long will the flight be delayed?
班機誕誤多長時間？
64 What''''s the cause of the delay?
什麼原因延誤？
65 Will the flight be delayed?
這班機會延誤嗎？
66 May I have baggage tags?
請給我行李標籤好嗎？
67 Excuse me, what time will the plane arrive in Tokyo?
對不起，請問飛機何時到達東京呢？
68 Could you explain how to fill this out?
請你說明一下怎樣填這張表好嗎？
69 May I have a customs declaration form, please?
請給一份海關申報表好嗎？
70 May I have a disembarkation card?
請給我一張離機卡好嗎？
71 Is this within the tax-free limit?
這個在免稅限額內嗎？
72 Where''''s a tax-free shop?
免稅店在哪兒？
73 What time should I be at the departure gate?
我在什麼時間到登機門？
74 Could you help me find my baggage?
請你幫我找我的行李好嗎？
75 Will the flight be canceled?
這班機會被取消嗎？
76 Would you please make my reservation to Chicago for tomorrow?
請幫我預訂明天去芝加哥的座位好嗎？
77 Do you have a flight to New York departing at about 10 a.m. Next Monday?
你們有下週一大約下午10點起飛到紐約的班機嗎？
78 What''''s the fare to New York, Economy Class?
去紐約的經濟艙機票多少錢？
79 Where do I pick up the ticket?
我什麼地方拿機票？
80 From which station does the train leave?
這列火車從哪個站開出呢?
81 Can I stop over on the way?
我在中途可以停嗎？
82 Can I have a second-class one way ticket to Chicago,please?
請給我一張去芝加哥的單程二等票好嗎？
83 Are there any discount tickets for me?
給我有折扣嗎？
84 What time does the plane take off?
飛機何時起飛呢？
85 One way or a round trip ticket?
單程票還是雙程票呢？
86 What time does the first train to Boston leave?
第一班去波士頓的列車什麼時間開出呢？
87 Is it direct train?
這是直達車嗎？
88 What platform does the train leave from?
這班車從哪個月臺開出呢？
89 By what time should I check in?
我該什麼時間辦理登機手續呢？
90 What is th boarding time?
何時登機呢？
91 How much is the excess baggage charge?
超額行李費多少錢？
92 Will this flight leave on time?
這班機準時起飛嗎？
93 Can I bring this on the plane?
這件我可以帶上飛機嗎？
94 What is the gate number?
登機門是幾號？
95 Are there reserved seats on the train?
車上有預訂座位嗎？
96 Where is gate six?
6號登機門在哪兒？
97 Where is the boarding gate for this flight?
這班飛機的登機門在哪兒？
98 Has this seat number started boarding?
這個座位號已開始登機了嗎？
99 Where is the ticket office?
售票處在哪兒？
100 How long is the ticket valid?
這車票有效期多久？
101 Do I have to make a reconfirmation?
我還要再確認嗎？
102 Is there any earlier one?
還有更早一點的嗎？
103 Could you tell me my reservation number, please?
請你告訴我我的預訂號碼好嗎？
104 Can I get a seat for today''s 7:00 a.m. train?
我可以買到今天上午7點的火車座位嗎？
105 Could you change my flight date from London to Tokyo?
請你更改一下從倫敦到東京的班機日期好嗎？
106 Is there any discount for the USA Railpass?
火車通行證有折扣嗎？
107 May I reconfirm my flight?
我可以確認我的班機嗎？
108 Are they all non-reserved seats?
他們全部不預訂的嗎？
109 Do I have to reserve a seat?
我一定要預訂座位嗎？
110 May I see a timetable?
我可以看時刻表嗎？
111 How long will I have to wait?
我要等候多久呢？
112 Which would you prefer, a smoking seat or a non-smoking seat?
你喜歡哪種，吸煙座還是禁煙座呢？
113 Do you have any other flights?
你們還有別的班機嗎？
114 When would you like to leave?
你要什麼時間離開呢？
115 Can I reconfirm by phone?
我可以用電話確認嗎？
116 Where can I make a reservation?
我到哪里可以預訂？
117 Do I need a reservation for the dining car?
我需要預訂餐車嗎？
118 How many more minutes will it take for the train to arrive?
火車還要多少分鐘就要到達呢？
119 Is this a daily flight?
這是每日航班嗎？
120 Excuse me. May I get by?
對不起，我可以上車嗎？
121 How much does it cost to go there by ship?
坐船到那裏要花多少錢？
122 Can I cancel this ticket?
我可以取消這張票嗎？
123 Check it to my final destination
把它托運到我的目的地。
124 Please come to the airport by eight thirty at the latest.
最遲要在8點30分到達機場。
125 Take your baggage to the baggage section.
把你的行李拿到行李房去。
126 Please open your baggage.
請把你的行李打開。
127 Please fill in this disembarkation card.
請你填寫這張入境卡。
128 Let me see your passport, please.
請讓我看看你的護照。
129 I have come to make sure that your stay in Beijing is a pleasant one.
我特地為你們安排使你們在北京的逗留愉快。
130 You''re going out of your way for us, I believe.
我相信這是對我們的特殊照顧了。
131 It''s just the matter of the schedule,that is,if it is convenient of you right now.
如果你們感到方便的話，我想現在討論一下日程安排的問題。
132 I think we can draw up a tentative plan now.
我認為現在可以先草擬一具臨時方案。
133 If he wants to make any changes,minor alternations can be made then.
如果他有什麼意見的話，我們還可以對計畫稍加修改。
134 Is there any way of ensuring we''ll have enough time for our talks?
我們是否能保證有充足的時間來談判？
135 So our evenings will be quite full then?
那麼我們的活動在晚上也安排滿了嗎？
136 We''ll leave some evenings free,that is,if it is all right with you.
如果你們願意的話，我們想留幾個晚上供你們自由支配。
137 We''d have to compare notes on what we''ve discussed during the day.
我們想用點時間來研究討論一下白天談判的情況。
138 That''ll put us both in the picture.
這樣雙方都能瞭解全面的情況。
139 Then we''d have some idea of what you''ll be needing.
那麼我們就會心中有點兒數，知道你們需要什麼了。
140 I can''t say for certain off-hand.
我還不能馬上說定。
141 Better have something we can get our hands on rather than just spend all our time talking.
有些實際材料拿到手總比坐著閒聊強。
142 It''ll be easier for us to get down to facts then.
這樣就容易進行實質性的談判了。
143 But wouldn''t you like to spend an extra day or two here?
你們不願意在北京多待一天嗎？
144 I''m afraid that won''t be possible,much as we''d like to.
儘管我們很想這樣做，但恐怕不行了。
145 We''ve got to report back to the head office.
我們還要回去向總部彙報情況呢。
146 Thank you for you cooperation.
謝謝你們的合作。
147 We''ve arranged our schedule without any trouble.
我們已經很順利地把活動日程安排好了。
148 Here is a copy of itinerary we have worked out for you and your friends.Would you please have a look at it?
這是我們為你和你的朋友擬定的活動日程安排。請過目一下，好嗎？
149 If you have any questions on the details， feel free to ask.
如果對某些細節有意見的話，請提出來。
150 I can see you have put a lot of time into it.
我相信你在制定這個計畫上一定花了不少精力吧。
151 We really wish you''ll have a pleasant stay here.
我們真誠地希望你們在這裏過得愉快。
152 I wonder if it is possible to arrange shopping for us.
我想能否在我們訪問結束時為我們安排一點時間購物。
153 Welcome to our factory.
歡迎到我們工廠來。
154 I''ve been looking forward to visiting your factory.
我一直都盼望著參觀貴廠。
155 You''ll know our products better after this visit.
參觀後您會對我們的產品有更深的瞭解。
156 Maybe we could start with the Designing Department.
也許我們可以先參觀一下設計部門。
157 Then we could look at the production line.
然後我們再去看看生產線。
158 These drawings on the wall are process sheets.
牆上的圖表是工藝流程表。
159 They describe how each process goes on to the next.
表述著每道工藝間的銜接情況。
160 We are running on two shifts.
我們實行的工作是兩班倒。
161 Almost every process is computerized.
幾乎每一道工藝都是由電腦控制的。
162 The efficiency is greatly raised,and the intensity of labor is decreased.
工作效率大大地提高了，而勞動強度卻降低了。
163 All produets have to go through five checks in the whole process.
所有產品在整個生產過程中得通過五道品質檢查關。
164 We believe that the quality is the soul of an enterprise.
我們認為品質是一個企業的靈魂。
165 Therefore,we always put quality as the first consideration.
因而，我們總是把品質放在第一位來考慮。
166 Quality is even more important than quantity.
品質比數量更為重要。
167 I hope my visit does not cause you too much trouble.
我希望這次來參觀沒有給你們增添太多的麻煩。
168 Do we have to wear the helmets?
我們得戴上防護帽嗎？
169 Is the production line fully attomatic?
生產線是全自動的嗎？
170 What kind of quality control do you have?
你們用什麼辦法來控制品質呢？
171 All products have to pass strict inspection before they go out.
所有產品出廠前必須要經過嚴格檢查。
172 What''s your general impression,may I ask?
不知您對我們廠總的印象如何？
173 I''m impressed by your approach to business.
你們經營業務的方法給我留下了很深的印象。
174 The product gives you an edge over your competitors,I guess.
我認為你們的產品可以使你們勝過競爭對手。
175 No one can match us so far as quality is concerned.
就品質而言，沒有任何廠家能和我們相比。
176 I think we may be able to work together in the future.
我想也許將來我們可以合作。
177 We are thinking of expanding into the Chinese market.
我們想把生意擴大到中國市場。
178 The purpose of my coming here is to inquire about possibilities of establishing trade relations with your company.
我此行的目的正是想探詢與貴公司建立貿易關係的可能性。
179 We would be glad to start business with you.
我們很高興能與貴公司建立貿易往來。
180 I''d appreciate your kind consideration in the coming negotiation.
洽談中請你們多加關照。
181 We are happy to be of help.
我們十分樂意幫助。
182 I can assure you of our close cooperation.
我保證通力合作。
183 Would it be possible for me to have a closer look at your samples?
可以讓我參觀一下你們的產品陳列室嗎？
184 It will take me several hours if I really look at everything.
如果全部參觀的話，那得需要好幾個小時。
185 You may be interested in only some of the items.
你也許對某些產品感興趣。
186 I can just have a glance at the rest.
剩下的部分我粗略地看一下就可以了。
187 They''ve met with great favor home and abroad.
這些產品在國內外很受歡迎。
188 All these articles are best selling lines.
所有這些產品都是我們的暢銷貨。
189 Your desire coincides with ours.
我們雙方的願望都是一致的。
190 No wonder you''re so experienced.
怪不得你這麼有經驗。
191 Textile business has become more and more difficult since the competition grew.
隨著競爭的加劇，紡織品貿易越來越難做了。
192 Could I have your latest catalogues or something that tells me about your company?
可以給我一些貴公司最近的商品價格目錄表或者一些有關說明資料嗎？
193 At what time can we work out a deal?
我們什麼時候洽談生意？
194 I hope to conclude some business with you.
我希望能與貴公司建立貿易關係。
195 We also hope to expand our business with you.
我們也希望與貴公司擴大貿易往來。
196 This is our common desire.
這是我們的共同願望。
197 I think you probably know China has adopted a flexible policy in her foreign trade.
我想你也許已經瞭解到中國在對外貿易中採取了靈活的政策。
198 I''ve read about it,but I''d like to know more about it.
我已經知道了一點兒，但我還想多瞭解一些。
199 Seeing is believing.
百聞不如一見。
200 How would you like to proceed with the negotiations?
你認為該怎樣來進行這次談判呢？
201 I''d like to know something about your foreign trade policy.
我非常想瞭解有關貴國對外貿易的政策。
202 It is said that a new policy is being put into practice in your foreign trade.
據說你們正在實施一種新的對外貿易政策。
203 Our foreign trade policy has always been based on equal

認真學英文 - 1

clyde — Tue, 22 Apr 2008 17:27:10 +0800

首先定義『什麼是子句？』答：『A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb』。翻譯成中文：『子句』就是包含主詞和動詞的一堆字。等一下，你說，包含主詞和動詞？這不就是一個句子（sentence）嗎？是的是的，一般的 sentence 也是子句的一種，稱為『主要子句』（main clause）。

子句本身不能獨立存在，非得依附在主要子句上才能生存。舉個簡單的例子：『When I got home, my cat came to welcome me.』其中『when I got home』就是一個時間子句 -- 有主詞、有動詞，但顯然不是一個完整的句子 -- 我們可以說完『when I got home』就畫上句點嗎？當然不可以！『當我回家』...然後呢？然後呢然後呢？說話說一半，聽起來就像是重心不穩要跌倒！要怎麼讓它站穩呢？就是加上後半句的『my cat came to welcome me』。注意『my cat came to welcome me』是這個句子裡的主要子句，所以獨立存在也沒問題（亦即，『My cat came to welcome me.』本身就是一個完整的句子）。

什麼是形容詞子句（adjective clause）呢？就是用來形容名詞的子句。例如：

(1) The boy kissed Mary yesterday.
(2) The boy is wearing a blue scarf.

我們可以將 (1) 當作主要子句，把這兩個句子合併為『The boy who is wearing a blue scarf kissed Mary yesterday.』其中『who is wearing a blue scarf』就是一個用來描述『the boy』的形容詞子句 -- 它本身有主詞有動詞，但不是一個完整的句子。如果要將 (2) 當作主要子句當然也可以，那麼合併後的句子就是：『The boy who kissed Mary yesterday is wearing a blue scarf.』這兩個句子裡隱含的資訊完全一樣，但是語氣不同。第一句強調他親吻了瑪莉，第二句則強調他今天戴了藍圍巾。通常主要子句就是造句者想強調的主題。

為什麼要學形容詞子句呢？因為如果完全不用形容詞子句，我們常會寫出許多短小的句子，讀起來不順暢；若適當地運用形容詞子句，可以把一些短小的句子塞進主要子句當中，使整句話長度適中且內容豐富，念起來更流暢。

形容詞子句可用下列特殊字開頭：who（用於人，主格）、whom（用於人，受格）、which（用於東西，主受格同形）、whose（所有格，可用於人或東西）、that（用於人或東西皆可，主受格同形，唯其前不可接介係詞）

例句：
(1) I like the boy. The boy is sitting in the front row.
= I like the boy who is sitting in the front row.

(2) I don't know the girl. Peter is talking to the girl.
= I don't know the girl whom Peter is talking to.
= I don't know the girl who Peter is talking to. （受格 whom 可用主格 who 代替）（反之不然）
= I don't know the girl to whom Peter is talking. （受格前若有介係詞可搬到受格前）
= I don't know the girl Peter is talking to. （受格也可以直接省略）

(3) I'm interested in the topic. You're talking about the topic.
= I'm interested in the topic which you're talking about.

(4) I pick up the pencil. The pencil was dropped on the floor.
= I picked up the pencil which was dropped on the floor.

(5) I met a boy. The boy's hairstyle was really weird.
= I met a boy whose hairstyle was really weird.

另外 when/where 是比較特殊的，它們都是以一個單字取代『介詞 + which』兩個字，但是 when 表示時間、where 表示地點。例如：

(6) I enjoyed the hotel. We stayed in the hotel for honeymoon.
= I enjoyed the hotel in which we stayed for honeymoon.
= I enjoyed the hotel where we stayed for honeymoon.

(7) I can't remember the day. We met on that day.
= I can't remember the day on which we met.
= I can't remember the day when we met.

上面這些例句的形容詞子句都有「描述」的功能，如果拿掉形容詞子句，原來的句子仍然是完整的句子，但是意思卻會變得模糊。例如 (1) I like the boy. 如果只說到這裡，我們會搞不清楚到底是哪個男孩？加上後半的 who is sitting in the front row 就清楚明白了：坐在前排的那個男孩。但有時候容詞子句也可以做為額外的補充說明，即使丟掉這個形容詞子句，意思也完全不改變。此時就會在形容詞子句的前後加上逗號，表示語氣停頓，逗號後面的說明與逗號前的名詞是同一個東西（同位語）。看一個簡單的例子：

(1) Students who are lazy should be failed.
(2) Students, who are lazy, should be failed.

這兩個句子的意思有差別嗎？當然！
(1)：懶惰的學生應該被當掉。（勤奮的學生可以過關）
(2)：學生是懶惰的，應該被當掉。（所有的學生都懶惰，所有的學生都應該被當掉）

在例句 (2) 中，用逗號包圍起來的 who are lazy 是額外的資訊，可以整包丟掉，丟掉之後變成『Students should be failed.』 -- 所有的學生都應該被當掉。

所以逗號非常重要啊，可能會徹底改變句子的意義！不可不慎！當你要判斷『到底要不要加逗點』的時候，可以試著把形容詞子句丟掉，看看意義有沒有改變？如果沒有，就可以加逗點。

我記得高中老師教到這個部份的時候，曾經說過『如果描述的名詞有很多個，就不加逗點；如果只有一個就要加逗點』。背誦的例句是：

(1) My brother who lives in London got married last month. （我有很多哥哥，住倫敦的那個結婚了）
(2) My brother, who lives in London, got married last month. （我只有一個哥哥，他住在倫敦）

不過我還是覺得『把整個形容詞子句拿掉、看看意義是否改變？若完全相同就是要加逗號』這個方法比較容易。例如上句 (1)，如果你本來有很多哥哥，但只有住倫敦的那個結婚，寫成『My brother got married last month.』就變得模糊不清 -- 到底是哪個哥哥呢？住紐約那個嗎？住倫敦那個嗎？還是住金瓜石那個？

再一個例句：

(1) Mary has two children whose names are John and Tom.
(2) Mary has two children, whose names are John and Tom.

例句 (1) 表示瑪莉有好幾個小孩，其中兩個叫約翰和湯姆（沒有說其他小孩叫什麼名字）。
例句 (2) 表示瑪莉只有兩個小孩，名字分別是約翰和湯姆。

我們可以把例句 (2) 的形容詞子句整個拿掉 -- 它只是告訴我們兩個小孩的名字，不改變瑪莉有兩個小孩的事實；但是例句 (1) 的形容詞子句是必要的，否則瑪莉的其它小孩就消失了。

另外一個記憶『需不需要逗點』的方法是：凡是專有名詞，都需要逗點（因為專有名詞一定是指特定的某個人事物）。例如：

Mr. Jones, who is my sister's husband, lives in Paris, which is the capital of France.

這個句子一共有三個子句（一個主要子句、兩個形容詞子句），但是重點（主要子句）是『瓊斯先生住在巴黎』，所以若把兩個被逗點包圍的形容詞子句全部丟掉也沒關係。（中間的『我妹夫』是為了怕你不知道瓊斯先生是誰；最後的補充則是怕你不知道巴黎是法國首都。）

which 也可以用來指『前面說過的整句話』，這個時候就一定要加逗點以示區隔。例如：

Jack said he had been kidnaped by aliens, which is really bullshit!

最後，形容詞子句（adjective clause）可以被縮短成形容詞片語（adjective phrase）。縮短之後，句子變得更精鍊，但是意義完全不變。修改形容詞子句為片語的方法很簡單：如果原本的形容詞子句裡有 be 動詞（is/am/are/was/were），就把形容詞裡的主詞（who/which/that）和 be 動詞都刪掉即可；若原本的子句裡沒有 be 動詞，則掉動詞改成動名詞（V-ing）。（我記得高中老師的講法是：若子句裡的動作是主動，則用 V-ing，若被動則用 V-pp。兩種講法稍有不同，但最後得到的結果相同。）
【註1】如果形容詞子句的主詞與主要子句的主詞不同，則不能縮短喔！！
【註2】如果縮短後的形容詞片語只剩一個形容詞，則通常會搬去要形容的名詞前面（前位修飾）

例句：
(1) I like the boy who is sitting in the front row.
= I like the boy sitting in the front row.

(2) I picked up the pencil which was dropped on the floor.
= I picked up the pencil dropped on the floor.

(3) The policeman caught the thief who stole my bike.
= The policeman caught the thief stealing my bike.

(4) I don't know the girl whom Peter is talking to.
= 不能縮短！因為主要子句的主詞是 I，但是形容詞子句的主詞是 Peter！

(5) I know a girl who is beautiful.
= I know a beautiful girl. （把 who is 刪掉後只剩 beautiful，所以要搬到它要形容的 girl 之前。）

雖然說形容詞片語往往比形容詞子句更加精鍊，但在改寫的過程中，有時會損失原本子句的『時態』，這時候就要自行斟酌是否要改寫。例如上述例句 (1)，如果原句是 I like the boy who was sitting in the front row. 那麼改成片語之後得到的結果會和例句 (1) 的結果一樣：I like the boy sitting in the front row. 但因為損失了 be 動詞，所以我們可能會誤會說話的人是指現在坐前排的那個男生而非昨天坐前排的那個。但若這句話有前後文對照，也許我們就知道作者在說現在還是昨天，即使損失了 was 也無損原句意義。所以要自行斟酌是否用子句或片語。

當子句的時態是完成式時，通常就不修改為片語，因為那樣損失了原來的意義。

好啦！以上就是所有的形容詞子句的課程。以下是習題，不太容易喔！有興趣的人可以做做看：運用形容詞子句或片語，將下列題目中的句子合併為一個句子。畫底線的句子必須是主要子句。注意標點符號。

1. Disney World covers a large area of land.
　 It is an amusement park.
　 It is located in Orlando, Florida.
　 The land includes lakes, golf courses, campsites, hotels, and a wildlife preserve.
=> Disney World, an amusement park located in Orlando, Florida, covers a large area of land including lakes, golf courses, campsites, hotels, and a wildlife reserve.

2. Jamaica is one of the world's leading producer of bauxite.
　 It is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea.
　 Bauxite is an ore.
　 Aluminum is made from this ore.
=> Jamaica, the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, is one of the world's leading producer of bauxite, an ore from which aluminum is made.

3. Robert Ballard made headlines in 1985.
　 He is an oceanographer.
　 In 1985 he discovered the remains of Titanic.
　 Titanic was the "unsinkable" passenger ship.
　 It has rested on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean since 1912.
　 It struck an iceberg in 1912.
=> Robert Ballard, an oceanographer, made headlines in 1985 when he discovered the remains of Titanic, the "unsinkable" passenger ship which has rested on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean since 1912 when it struck an iceberg.

4. William Shakespeare's father was a glove maker and a town official.
　 William Shakespeare's father is John Shakespeare.
　 He owned a shop in Stratford-upon-Avon.
　 Stratford-upon-Avon is a town.
　 It is about 75 miles northwest of London.
=> (1) William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was a glove maker and a town official who owned a shop in Stratford-upon-Avon, a town about 75 miles northwest of London.
=> (2) William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, who owned a shop in Stratford-upon-Avon, a town about 75 miles northwest of London, was a glove maker and a town official.
(1) 和 (2) 在文法上都是完全正確，但是 (1) 比 (2) 好得多。因為 (2) 把主要子句的頭尾拉得太遠了，會讓人感到困惑，摸不著頭腦。所以 (1) 的寫法比較理想。

5. The Republic of Yemen is an ancient land.
　 It is located at the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.
　 This land has been host to many prosperous civilizations.
　 These civilizations include the Kingdom of Sheba and various Islamic empires.
=> The Republic of Yemen, located at the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, is an ancient land which has been host to many prosperous civilizations including the Kingdom of Sheba and various Islamic empires.

Origin From : http://blog.pixnet.net/crazycat1130/post/15426620

recurrence analysis

clyde — Wed, 16 Apr 2008 11:50:57 +0800

The standard Divide-and-Conquer algorithm usually works as follows:

spend some time handling the base case
if not at the base case, divide the problem up into smaller subproblems: D(n)
make recursive calls to handle all the subproblems created on step 2: T(n/b)
combine results created by recursive calls on step 3: C(n)

利用遞迴分析：

T(n) = a * T(n/b) + f(n)

a = number of subproblems
n/b = size of the subproblems
f(n) = D(n) + C(n)

以Max-Heapify為例來分析：

a = 1, i.e., there is only one recursive call made
n/b = (2/3) * n, is the worst case size of the one subproblem. The size of the left subtree is (2/3) * n. 也就是說 when the left subtree has one entire full level as compared to the right subtree. The worst case is when the last level of the tree is half full.
f(n) = Q(1), all the work done in lines 1 - 9 above takes a constant time
T(n) = T(2n/3) + Q(1)

Max-Heapify演算法如下:

Max-Heapify(A,i)
1 l ← Left(i)
2 r ← Right(i)
3 if l ≤ heap-size[A] and A[l] > A[i]
4 then largest ← l
5 else largest ← i
6 if r ≤ heap-size[A] and A[r] > A[largest]
7 then largest ← r
8 if largest ≠ i
9 then exchange A[i] ↔ A[largest]
10 Max-Heapify(A, largest)