This report is based on my travel diary, from which I took the quotes (that) you are going to see throughout the pages.

"my travel diary"(先行詞)是為介係詞 "from"之受詞(動詞慣用take something from)
所以說"from which I took the quotes"的受詞是"my travel diary"
也就是--> I took the quotes from my travel diary.

"that"指的是"the quotes"因其為受格 故省略
而"throughout the pages" 指的是 this report 的 pages...."throughout"本意為徹頭徹尾或是貫穿之意
所以"throughout the pages"可以看成是"throughout this report"

"from which" 的"which"是受格關代 因為介係詞"from" 所以不可替換成"that"
而逗點是非限定用法 意思是他只有一本travel diary 而不是從很多他的travel diary之中挑出的其中一本
"quotes" 當名詞翻譯 "quote + from"可以翻成引用,引文

-這篇報告是以我的旅遊日誌為基礎,你們將要看到的這幾頁報告內容是引自我的旅遊日誌-
換句話說
-你們將要看到的報告內容是從我的旅遊日誌中摘錄下來的意思~~